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Forging Technique for the Samurai Sword

Sword makers across the globe and down through the century's have all struggled with the same problem. They all want a good cutting edge which means a hard blade. But a hard blade is brittle and easy to break in battle. This article is the first part of 3 about the Japanese samurai solution to this world wide challenge. Their great idea to combine a soft composite with selected hardening on the edge is inspiriting. Especially when you consider the limited amount of information they had 100's of years ago

The steel for a Japanese sword is produced from the black, sand-like iron oxide (Fe2O3) called satetsu. The process of making steel from this type of iron (called smelting) is that first the oxygen content of the iron needs to be taken out, and then carbon needs to be put in. This process is called smelting. In the traditional Japanese smelter, tatara, the iron is in relatively low temperature to produce the raw steel called tamahagane. The colour and texture of tamahagane depends on the impurities of the ore and is thus dependent on place.

The smith carefully goes through the pieces of tamahagane sorting them according to their carbon content. He then hammers them to plates and breaks the plates to smaller pieces. From these pieces he collects a rectangular block about 7,5 to 12,5 cm a side, and weighing 2-3,5 kilos. (It should be noted that the finished blade weighs only about a half of this. Much material is lost in the making.) The smith wraps the block in rice paper to hold it together and covers in clay and burned rice straws. The block is heated and hammered to fuse it together. The fused piece of steel is heated, folded and hammered repeatedly to drive out all impurities and air bubbles that might compromise the strength of the finished blade. The "woodgrain" look of the finished blade is the result of the folding. This patterning is called hadame. The pattern depends on whether the steel has been folded lengthwise or breadthwise, or combination of both.

A craft full smith often combines steel from different sources to produce even more pronounced effect. The terms often used when talking about the steel of the blade are jihada meaning the patterning of the steel and jitetsu the quality and texture of the steel. There are different schools on how the blade is constructed. Some smiths do it from two pieces, the surface and the core. This construction is called makuritae or kobuse. It is also possible to make the blade from four (the core, sides, and the cutting edge) pieces. This construction is called honsanmai. There are blades built from 5 segments (the center, the sides, the edge and the back of the blade). This is called shihozume. The smith require a very high skill level to successfully fuse the pieces in to one. Any opening or crack between the pieces would result in inferior and weak blade. This work is called tsukurikomi.

The outer surface steel of the blade is normally folded thirteen to twenty times to produce a much higher carbon content. The steel intended for the core shingane has much lower carbon content and is folded about 10 times. If the edge is made from a separate piece, steel called hochogane (or hagane) is used. It is constructed from tamahagane this is old iron from pots and pans.), and folded around 18 times. The steel for the back of the sword (mune) is called munegane and is quite hard.

When the different pieces of the blade have been worked together, the smith works the metal into the shape of the blade. First the blade is given it's general shape, and then in sequence kissaki (the point), monouchi (the part of blade used for cutting) and nakago (the tang). The shape is finished with a series of planes and files.

The truly critical phase of making a blade is the hardening, yaki-ire. The blade is covered with a paste made out of clay, charcoal powder and pulverized sandstone. The paste is applied thicker near the back of the blade than on the cutting edge. Therefore the cutting edge of the blade will be considerably harder then the rest of the blade. The pattern between the thick and thin layers of paste will produce the hamon, the wavy hardening pattern on the blade. Often the smith makes thin stripes of thick paste all the way to the cutting edge. These produce series of thin sectors of soft steel called ashi. Their function is to limit the damage to short area, if the hardened edge begins to chip. During thee process of yaki-ire the blade starts to bend because of the difference in heat between the blade's front and the blade's back. The smith has to anticipate this bending, and initially make the blade less curved than intended for the finished blade. Often the curvature has to be adjusted after the hardening. The finished product is polished this is a great skill and requires years of training - then the blade is fitted with koshirae (the scabbard, handle, habaki, etc.)

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